SSN & Privacy FAQ
SSN and Privacy FAQsThe SSN FAQ has now been broken up into several sections. This section covers "actual FAQs"; that is, it responds to the questions that are most frequently asked.
This FAQ covers questions on Social Security Numbers and Privacy. If your question is about applying for a Social Security Card or about Social Security Payments, I recommend you contact the SSA directly. I don't have useful information on those subjects.
Contents:
- Why SSN Privacy matters
- Is it illegal for someone to ask for my SSN?
- Why Should I Care Whether Anyone Knows my SSN?
- Didn't the government promise that SSNs wouldn't be used for ID?
Who has to have an SSN?
- Do I have to get an SSN?
- Do I have to get an SSN for my child?
- How can I give up (renounce) my number?
Getting a New Number or Card
- How do I get a replacement card?
- How do I change my name on my SSN Card?
- I've forgotten my SSN.
- Can I get a new number?
- Someone is offering to get me a new SSN; is this legal?
Tracing People
- My friend's SSN is xxx-yy-zzzz. Can you help me find her?
- I'm looking for my long-lost brother. How can I find his SSN?
Dealing with Social Security
- I'm an immigrant. How do I apply for an SSN?
- My Social Security checks stopped coming. Who do I contact to fix this?
Structure of the SSN
- What do the first three digits of my SSN say about where I was born?
- Does the SSA use the middle two digits to track ethnicity?
Related Documents.
General Privacy resources and specific advice on junk (snail) mail and identity theft.
The rest of the discussion is divided into the following pieces:
Other Sections:
- History and Significance of the SSN
(including links to other related resources)
- The Privacy Act of 1974
- Why to Resist Requests for Your SSN
- What You Can Do to Protect Your Number
- Is Someone Using Your Number?
- Short History
Dealing with Government Organizations
(including the following sections covering specific situations.)
- Universities and Colleges
- US Passports
- Requirement for Disclosing Employee's
- Registering your Children
How to deal with private (non-government) entities when they ask for your SSN
- Employers
- Utilities
- Banks
- Insurers, Hospitals, Doctors
- Blood banks
- Landlords
Why SSN Privacy matters
- Is it illegal for someone to ask for my SSN?
The short answer is that there are many restrictions on government agencies asking for your number, but few on individuals or companies. When someone from a government agency asks for your number, they are required to provide a Privacy Act Disclosure Notice, which is required to tell you what law allows them to ask, whether you have to provide your number, and what will happen if you don't provide the number.
Private companies aren't required to follow this law, and in general your recourse is to find another company to do business with if you don't like their policies.
- Why Should I Care Whether Anyone Knows my SSN?
There are two problems with the way SSNs are used these days. The first is that they are used (by different parties) as if they were both a representation of identity and a secure password. The second problem is that they have become a widely used identifier that can be used to tie multiple records together about a single individual.
Many institutions, including hospitals and some banks and brokerages use client's SSNs as a secure representation of their identity. This seems a good idea, since you aren't allowed to change your SSN, even though you might change your address, your name, or your phone number. Other institutions, notably banks, use SSNs as if they were secret passwords that only the owner would know. If someone knows the name and the SSN, and is willing to say they have forgotten the account number, they will usually be allowed to transfer funds, or make other changes to an account with serious repercussions.
The problem is that these uses are incompatible. As SSNs are widely used representations of people's identities, appearing on driver's licenses, mailing labels, and publicly-posted progress reports at universities, their broad availability becomes more apparent.
There is further discussion of this issue in the section on Significance of the SSN.
- Didn't the government promise that SSNs wouldn't be used for ID?
For the first few decades that SSN cards were issued, they carried the admonition: "Not to be used for Identification." Unfortunately there was never any law passed instituting this as a policy. The Social Security Agency was apparently attempting to instill good values in the citizens, but was apparently unsuccessful in preventing government encroachment into this territory. For more information on the evolution of the laws concerning privacy and Social Security additional details are available in the more complete version of the FAQ.
Who has to have an SSN?
Do I have to get an SSN? Do I have to get an SSN for my child?
The IRS says US Citizens who receive income are required to have an SSN and employers are required to report income to the IRS using the SSN. The written laws on this point are not very clear, and many people who have read the law feel that the IRS is on shaky legal ground. However, it's quite important to realize that your employer is quite likely to believe the IRS when they say it is required over your claims to have read the law and reached your own conclusions.
There are people who claim, based on nuances of the texts of the laws that these IRS claims are incorrect and illegal. They point to a single court case. As far as I can tell, these claims have not been upheld more recently. The IRS continues to prosecute and harass those who attempt to resist having their incomes reported. I give pointers to these claims, not because I believe them, but because I can't disprove them. Caveat Lector: the IRS is willing to throw you in jail for violating their interpretation of the laws. They are willing to shoot you for resisting arrest. They have a separate court system, which follows a different set of rules and procedures. Be sure that you understand the potential consequences, and that you are willing to pay the price before you enter this fight.
Seeking agreement and moral support, not all of the people propounding these views will inform you fully of the potential consequences of joining their fight.
Can I give up (renounce) my number?
As far as I can tell, the SSA doesn't recognize any procedure for renouncing your SSN. The one exception I know of is that a parent who can show that a number was assigned to their child without the parent's consent can get the number removed from the SSA's records.
On the other hand, the SSA has no objection to your not revealing your SSN as long as you do not engage in activities that bring you under some legal compulsion to show it.
Getting a New Number or Card
- How do I get a replacement card?
- How do I change the name on my card?
- I've forgotten my number. How can I find out what it was?
You can get a replacement card from the Social Security Administration, using form SS-5.
- I've lost my wallet, what should I do?
Depending on whether and how quickly you got it back, and whether you suspect someone might have stolen your credit cards, driver's license, or SS Card, different steps are called for.
- Can I get a new number?
- Someone is offering to get me a new SSN; is this legal?
The SSA doesn't seem to have set policies about issuing new SSNs. As far as I can tell, they will only rarely issue a new SSN to someone who has a significant problem with a stalker or identity theft. In either case, you apparently have to convince someone at the local office that you have tried all reasonable avenues for handling these problems, and the problem continues to reappear because someone is tracking you through your SSN, or because the identity thief continues to create new false credit reports via misuse of your SSN.
The SSA has a new publication on what to do When Someone Misuses Your Number discussing Identity Theft in general terms. It says if you can prove that you're being disadvantaged because someone used your Social Security number visit your local Social Security office to request a new one. If you've done all you can to fix the problem and someone is still using your number, under certain circumstances, we may assign you a new number, which seems not to promise anything, and to leave the discretion in the hands of the local office. They do recommend that you file a report with both Social Security Fraud Hotline at 1-800-269-0271 and the FTC.
There are quite a few companies offering to get you a new SSN to help you escape credit problems. I haven't dealt with any of them, so I can't report on this from personal experience, but I would be surprised if any of them are doing anything that is both legal and valuable. The only legal way to get a new number is to talk to the SSA, and they are reluctant enough to issue a new number that you would have to deal with them directly in order to legally get a new number. Another ploy apparently used by these companies is to apply for a new number, make one up for you, or apply for an employer's Tax ID number. All of these are fraudulent, and unlikely to help you.
I would expect many of the people making these offers to be pure con artists who would take your money, and not provide any service at all. Since the service you are asking them to perform is illegal, they are not very worried that their unsatisfied customers will report them to the police.
Tracing People
Dealing with Social Security
- I'm an immigrant. How do I apply for an SSN?
- My Social Security checks stopped coming. Who do I contact to fix this?
This site is about Privacy and Social Security Numbers. The Social Security Administration has a website where they have forms for practically everything. They have their own FAQs, and these are both likely to be found there.
In addition, you can reach the SSA by phone. They're in the government section of every local phone book in the US.
Structure of the SSN
- What do the first three digits of my SSN say about where I was born?
- Does the SSA use the middle two digits to track ethnicity?
The details are available in this long description. The first three digits reflect the location of the residence given on the application for an SSN. They used to depend only on the SSA office that issued the number. The SSA regularly publishes tables showing the latest numbers being issued for each area.
There is a persistent rumor that the SSA encodes ethnicity in the middle two digits. Most people have an even number as their fifth digit, independent of ethnicity. This is because these numbers are handed out in a strange sequence, and most regions of the country haven't reached the odd numbers yet.
Further Information on SSNs
- Legal Links - SSN cases and examples
- Structure of SSNs
- Buckley Amendment - Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
- passport letter, (also in Compressed Postscript, Postscript, Word, and Word 5.1 for Macintosh.)
- Getting a Replacement Number
- Why SSNs Make Bad Keys in Databases
- Using a False Social Security Number
- Collecting SSNs yourself
|
